Fifty years ago, the
only in-car electronics available to most motorists was a radio. In the
1950s and 1960s, radios were an option. They mostly used vacuum tubes
rather than transistors, and provided crackly, low-quality music that
was affected by weather, power lines and obstructions. When FM radio
was introduced in 1952, the static went away, making it the choice for
music broadcasting. So the hot audio setup when classic Mustangs,
Camaros and GTOs were prowling the street was a combination AM/FM radio
with a fade control for front and rear speakers. It seems very
primitive by today’s standards.
Over the years, music broadcasting
gradually migrated to FM radio because of its better signal quality.
That left AM radio as the main domain for talk radio, news and sports.
The limitation with radio is that somebody else chooses the music you
listen to. You can change channels if you don’t like a song. But if you
can’t find something else you like, your only other option is to flip
the radio off — or suffer along and hope something better comes out of
the speakers soon.
In 1965, automotive in-car electronics and
personal choice both took a giant step forward with the introduction of
8-track players. Instead of having to listen to Top 40 tunes played by
a DJ and constantly interrupted by talk and commercials, motorists
could now buy songs recorded by their favorite musicians on 8-track
cassettes and play those cassettes in their vehicles. It was a
revolutionary concept and a dream come true — until the 8-track tapes
jammed or broke.
The 8-track heyday didn’t last very long because
they were soon replaced by cassette decks. Today, the only place you’ll
find 8-tracks is at vintage car swap meets or on eBay.
The
cassette decks that appeared in the 1970s were considered better than
8-tracks because they were smaller (so you could cram more of them into
the glove box), held more tunes (thanks to recording on both sides of
the tape), and you could even make your own by recording music off of
albums (remember those?) or the radio. The only drawbacks were you
couldn’t jump from one song to the next as easily as with an 8-track,
you had to manually flip the cassette over to hear the other side when
it reached the end of the tape, the tape could still jam or break, and
dirty or worn rollers inside the player could make the music warble or
drag. Other than that, they were great.
Cassettes continued as the
predominant automotive audio medium through the 1980s and into the
1990s. Technical improvements included the ability to seek the next
song on a tape and automatic reversing when the tape reached the end.
THE DISC
The
next big innovation was to get rid of tapes altogether and listen to
music digitally recorded on compact discs. CDs could hold as many songs
as a cassette, you could quickly jump from one song to the next with
the press of a button, and there was nothing to flip over, stick or
break. You just had to be careful not to scratch the soft plastic
surface of the CD, otherwise it would skip or refuse to play at all.
As
audio disc technology evolved, CD players were developed that could
hold more than one CD at a time. This eliminated the need to eject and
change CDs on long road trips. Graphic displays and colorful
illumination were also added to CD players to snazz up the player
interface. And as time went on, CD players gradually replaced cassette
players. They have been the dominant media for automotive audio for the
last decade.
MP3 CHANGED EVERYTHING
In the 1990s, a music
compression technology called MP3 turned the music industry on its ear.
MP3 software allowed people to “rip” tracks from CDs and compress songs
into compact digital files. With the help of a CD burner in a home
computer, you could burn up to 100 songs or more onto a CD that
formerly could hold only 12 to 16 songs. It wasn’t long before
automotive CD players that could read and play MP3 formats as well as
traditional WAV music formats became available.
Initially, the MP3
phenomenon nearly destroyed the music industry by undermining its
lucrative sales of audio CDs. Why buy their overpriced CDs if you could
download all your favorite tunes for free from the Internet?
Eventually, the music industry went after those who were involved in
file sharing and downloading illegally copied music by suing their
pants off. The music industry then discovered they could make just as
much money as before and probably more by offering paid music
downloads. File copy protection mechanisms were put in place, and a
whole new industry took off like a wildfire.
MP3 also helped
revolutionize the way music is stored and played by allowing files to
be loaded onto a whole new generation of compact flash memory cards.
The tunes could then be played back on small inexpensive portable MP3
players or even cell phones.
It wasn’t long before auto makers
began offering audio systems such as Ford’s SYNC that allowed motorists
to play their favorite MP3 tunes directly through their car’s audio
system from Bluetooth enabled or plug-in MP3 players and cell phones.
Today, “connectivity” has become an important feature that many new car
buyers want.
Thanks to MP3 and smartphone interconnectivity, audio
CDs will soon join the ranks of other obsolete automotive audio
electronics.
GPS
In-car electronics is not just music and
infotainment anymore. Electronics can also help drivers reach their
destinations more easily, and with less risk of having a mishap along
the way. Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, whether original
equipment or aftermarket add-on, has revolutionized the way many people
drive.
Real men never stop and ask for directions. Why should they
if they can find where they are and where they are going with an in-car
nav system? The cost of the technology has come down to where almost
anybody can afford it. So if you can’t afford the overpriced factory
navigation system, you can spend a couple hundred bucks on a portable
aftermarket GPS unit and stick it on top of your dash or attach it to
the windshield.
Factory GPS systems were first offered in the
1990s, and are now offered on a wide range of makes and models. GPS
uses ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio signals from satellites orbiting
the earth to triangulate the vehicle’s position. The location is then
displayed on an electronic map using data stored on a CD, DVD or
magnetic flash memory in the unit. Accuracy is typically 15 meters (49
feet) or less.
GPS not only keeps drivers from getting lost, it
also helps you find all kinds of destinations. Many systems also offer
real time traffic assistance. Touch screens are giving way to voice
recognition software that accepts voice commands for hands-free inputs.
The ultimate driving assistance program is currently OnStar, which
not only provides GPS navigation but also all kinds of emergency
assistance.
OnStar will even summon an ambulance if it detects an
air bag deployment. The system has also been used to disable stolen
vehicles to avoid the dangers of a high speed police chase.
VISUAL INFOTAINMENT
Rear-facing
DVD players that help entertain and quiet children during long trips
have been a Godsend for many parents, making these devices a popular
option in many late model minivans and SUVs.
Up-front, driver
message centers have been integrated with navigation systems, audio
systems, climate control systems, backup cameras, parking assist
systems and hands-free cell phones via a single LCD display interface.
Some have touchscreens while others rely on a console-mounted “smart”
switch that functions like a computer mouse to make inputs. Look for
this technology to spread from high-end luxury vehicles to mid-range
and eventually even economy models.
NIGHT VISION
Rain,
snow and fog can all severely restrict nighttime visibility by causing
light to reflect back into the eyes of the driver. What’s more, objects
that do not reflect light well such as pedestrians in dark clothing, or
animals with dark fur can be difficult to see even with good lighting,
especially at higher speeds where more reaction time may be needed to
avoid a collision. That’s where night vision capabilities come in
handy.
According to most accident statistics, more than twice as
many accidents and fatalities occur after dark rather than during
daylight hours. Part of this is due to sleepy or impaired drivers, but
part is also due to the reduced visibility that occurs after the sun
goes down. Any technology that improves night driving visibility,
therefore, improves driving safety.
The technology is a spinoff of
night vision goggles developed for the military. First-generation night
vision goggles relied on light amplification electronics to make dimly
lit terrain appear much brighter. The limitation with light
amplification technology is that it doesn’t work in total darkness.
Thermal
imaging that sees heat (infrared light) has no such limitation. It can
see objects in total darkness. Anything that gives off heat (people,
animals, trees, cars) can be easily seen at night with a Far Infrared
(FIR) thermal camera. What’s more, the view is affected less by fog and
rain than technologies that rely on reflected light for night vision.
FIR night vision cameras can see up to 400 meters (more than 1,300
feet) down the road, which is well beyond the range of most headlight
systems. FIR night vision systems are often called “passive” night
vision because they do not require any additional lighting to
illuminate objects.
The main drawback with FIR night vision
technology is that it’s expensive. Such systems typically add up to
$2,200 or more to the cost of the options on a new vehicle.
Cadillac
was the first to offer night vision as a factory option back in 2000.
The Raytheon system had a grille-mounted camera and a heads-up display
that produced a ghostly black and white image. GM dropped the option in
2004 due to poor sales. But in 2004, Honda reintroduced the night
vision concept on the Legend with a system called Intelligent Night
Vision that added an audible and visual warning when it detected a
pedestrian in the road ahead.
Some additional import applications
with FIR passive night vision systems include 2005 BMW 7-Series and
2006 BMW 5-Series. The night vision images produced by the BMW system
are viewed on the navigation screen.
A less-expensive alternative to
FIR night vision technology is that which uses a Near Infrared (NIR)
camera. NIR systems are sometimes called “active” night vision systems
because they rely on infrared illumination from the headlights.
Next-generation NIR systems may use low power infrared lasers for
illumination. NIR night vision systems don’t have the range of FIR
night vision systems (150 to 200 meters versus 400 meters for FIR), but
they cost only a few hundred dollars versus several thousand dollars.
They also tend to produce a more realistic image displays that reveal
details not detected by FIR systems (such as the edges of the road and
the lines painted on the highway).
Some import vehicles with
optional active night vision systems include 2002-2007 Lexus LX 470,
2002 Toyota Land Cruiser, 2005 Mercedes S-Class, 2006 Mercedes
CL-Class, and 2009 Mercedes E-Class.
LANE DEPARTURE WARNING
Lane
Departure Warning (LDW) systems are designed to reduce the risk of
distracted, impaired or sleepy drivers from running off the road or
drifting out of their lane and into other vehicles or obstacles. A lane
departure warning system typically uses a camera and optical
recognition software to identify where a vehicle is with respect to its
traffic lane on a highway. The camera is usually mounted high in the
windshield behind the rear view mirror so it can scan the road ahead.
The software looks for lines that indicate the side of the road and/or
the painted center line or lane markings on the road. It then monitors
where the vehicle is with respect to the edge of the road and/or lane
markings, and warns the driver if the vehicle deviates from its
intended course.
If the vehicle starts to wander or drift to one
side or the other, or the vehicle changes lanes without the driver
using the turn signal indicator, it sounds an audible and visual
warning. Until you get used to this feature, it can be rather annoying.
But the intention is to make people better drivers.
COLLISION MITIGATION BRAKING
Cars
that can actually steer and drive themselves are still in the R&D
phase a this point in time, though the technology is not that far off.
Autonomous vehicles have already proven themselves of being capable of
successfully navigation both on and off-road obstacle courses. For now,
adaptive cruise controls that use radar distance sensors to maintain
vehicle spacing as well as speed is as close as car makers are to cars
that drive themselves.
The newest innovation in safety is collision
mitigation braking. With this technology, sensors and cameras detect
obstacles in the road ahead. If the driver fails to react to an
approaching obstacle, the system gives an audible and visual warning to
alert the driver. If the driver still does not react (because he or she
is too busy text messaging on their cell phone, or is intoxicated or is
asleep at the wheel), the system takes over and automatically applies
the brakes to slow the vehicle. Such systems have been offered on the
2006 Acura RL, and the 2007 and up Mercedes S-Class and CLS-Class
models, which Mercedes calls “PRE-SAFE” braking. For 2009, Mercedes
also offers it on their E-Class models.
These first generation
systems do not stop the vehicle completely, but next generation systems
do. The 2010 Volvo XC60 has a system that will bring the vehicle to a
complete halt at speeds up to about 10 mph. Called “City Safety”
braking, it uses an infrared laser camera mounted behind the windshield
to monitor the road ahead. The same camera is also used for adaptive
cruise control and lane departure warning.
Eventually, more and more
vehicles will be equipped with some type of automatic braking, and
eventually with systems that may even take over steering control to
prevent an accident. And someday, we’ll be able to get in a car, tell
it where we want to go, then sit back and enjoy a movie or surf the
internet while we travel from A to B. Hopefully, such systems will have
redundant backups and failsafes — just like the backseat drivers we
have today who keep us on the ball.